Dosage Form: tablet
Losartan Potassium Tablets, USP
When used in pregnancy during the second and third trimesters, drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and even death to the developing fetus. When pregnancy is detected, Losartan potassium tablets should be discontinued as soon as possible. WARNINGS, Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
Losartan Description
Losartan potassium is an angiotensin II receptor (type AT1) antagonist. Losartan potassium, a non-peptide molecule, is chemically described as 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-[p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl]imidazole-5-methanol monopotassium salt.
Its empirical formula is C22H22ClKN6O, and its structural formula is:
Losartan potassium, USP is a white to off-white free-flowing crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 461.01. It is freely soluble in water, soluble in alcohols, and slightly soluble in common organic solvents, such as acetonitrile and methyl ethyl ketone. Oxidation of the 5-hydroxymethyl group on the imidazole ring results in the active metabolite of Losartan.
Losartan potassium is available as tablets for oral administration containing either 25 mg, 50 mg or 100 mg of Losartan potassium and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, lactose anhydrous, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, talc and titanium dioxide.
Losartan potassium 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg tablets contain potassium in the following amounts: 2.12 mg (0.054 mEq), 4.24 mg (0.108 mEq) and 8.48 mg (0.216 mEq), respectively.
Losartan - Clinical Pharmacology
Angiotensin II [formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, kininase II)], is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Losartan and its principal active metabolite block the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g., vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). There is also an AT2 receptor found in many tissues but it is not known to be associated with cardiovascular homeostasis. Both Losartan and its principal active metabolite do not exhibit any partial agonist activity at the AT1 receptor and have much greater affinity (about 1000-fold) for the AT1 receptor than for the AT2 receptor. In vitro binding studies indicate that Losartan is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. The active metabolite is 10 to 40 times more potent by weight than Losartan and appears to be a reversible, non-competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor.
Neither Losartan nor its active metabolite inhibits ACE (kininase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin); nor do they bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation.
General
Losartan is an orally active agent that undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes. It is converted, in part, to an active carboxylic acid metabolite that is responsible for most of the angiotensin II receptor antagonism that follows Losartan treatment. Losartan metabolites have been identified in human plasma and urine. In addition to the active carboxylic acid metabolite, several inactive metabolites are formed. Following oral and intravenous administration of 14C-labeled Losartan potassium, circulating plasma radioactivity is primarily attributed to Losartan and its active metabolite. In vitro studies indicate that cytochrome P450 2C9 and 3A4 are involved in the biotransformation of Losartan to its metabolites. Minimal conversion of Losartan to the active metabolite (less than 1% of the dose compared to 14% of the dose in normal subjects) was seen in about one percent of individuals studied.
The terminal half-life of Losartan is about 2 hours and of the metabolite is about 6-9 hours.
The pharmacokinetics of Losartan and its active metabolite are linear with oral Losartan doses up to 200 mg and do not change over time. Neither Losartan nor its metabolite accumulates in plasma upon repeated once-daily dosing.
Following oral administration, Losartan is well absorbed (based on absorption of radiolabeled Losartan) and undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism; the systemic bioavailability of Losartan is approximately 33%. About 14% of an orally-administered dose of Losartan is converted to the active metabolite. Mean peak concentrations of Losartan and its active metabolite are reached in 1 hour and in 3-4 hours, respectively. While maximum plasma concentrations of Losartan and its active metabolite are approximately equal, the AUC of the metabolite is about 4 times as great as that of Losartan. A meal slows absorption of Losartan and decreases its Cmax but has only minor effects on Losartan AUC or on the AUC of the metabolite (about 10% decreased).
The pharmacokinetics of Losartan and its active metabolite were also determined after IV doses of each component separately in healthy volunteers. The volume of distribution of Losartan and the active metabolite is about 34 liters and 12 liters, respectively. Total plasma clearance of Losartan and the active metabolite is about 600 mL/min and 50 mL/min, respectively, with renal clearance of about 75 mL/min and 25 mL/min, respectively. After single doses of Losartan administered orally, about 4% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine and about 6% is excreted in urine as active metabolite. Biliary excretion contributes to the elimination of Losartan and its metabolites. Following oral 14C-labeled Losartan, about 35% of radioactivity is recovered in the urine and about 60% in the feces. Following an intravenous dose of 14C-labeled Losartan, about 45% of radioactivity is recovered in the urine and 50% in the feces.
Both Losartan and its active metabolite are highly bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin, with plasma free fractions of 1.3% and 0.2%, respectively. Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range achieved with recommended doses. Studies in rats indicate that Losartan crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, if at all.
Pediatric: Pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple doses of Losartan (average dose 0.7 mg/kg, range 0.36 to 0.97 mg/kg) as a tablet to 25 hypertensive patients aged 6 to 16 years are shown in Table 1 below. Pharmacokinetics of Losartan and its active metabolite were generally similar across the studied age groups and similar to historical pharmacokinetic data in adults. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters in adults and children are shown in the table below.
Table 1 Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Hypertensive Adults and Children Age 6-16 Following Multiple Dosing
a Mean ± standard deviation | ||||
b Harmonic mean and standard deviation | ||||
c Median | ||||
| Adults given 50 mg once daily for 7 days N=12 | Age 6-16 given 0.7 mg/kg once daily for 7 days N=25 | |||
| Parent | Active Metabolite | Parent | Active Metabolite | |
| AUC0-24a (ng•h/mL) | 442 ± 173 | 1685 ± 452 | 368 ± 169 | 1866 ± 1076 |
| CMAX (ng/mL)a | 224 ± 82 | 212 ± 73 | 141 ± 88 | 222 ± 127 |
| T½ (h)b | 2.1 ± 0.70 | 7.4 ± 2.4 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 1.2 |
| TPEAK (h)c | 0.9 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 4.1 |
| CLREN (mL/min)a | 56 ± 23 | 20 ± 3 | 53 ± 33 | 17 ± 8 |
The bioavailability of the suspension formulation was compared with Losartan tablets in healthy adults. The suspension and tablet are similar in their bioavailability with respect to both Losartan and the active metabolite (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Preparation of Suspension).
Geriatric and Gender: Losartan pharmacokinetics have been investigated in the elderly (65-75 years) and in both genders. Plasma concentrations of Losartan and its active metabolite are similar in elderly and young hypertensives. Plasma concentrations of Losartan were about twice as high in female hypertensives as male hypertensives, but concentrations of the active metabolite were similar in males and females. No dosage adjustment is necessary (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Race : Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied (see also PRECAUTIONS, Race and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Effects, Reduction in the Risk of Stroke, Race).
Renal Insufficiency : Following oral administration, plasma concentrations and AUCs of Losartan and its active metabolite are increased by 50-90% in patients with mild (creatinine clearance of 50 to 74 mL/min) or moderate (creatinine clearance 30 to 49 mL/min) renal insufficiency. In this study, renal clearance was reduced by 55-85% for both Losartan and its active metabolite in patients with mild or moderate renal insufficiency. Neither Losartan nor its active metabolite can be removed by hemodialysis. No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with renal impairment unless they are volume-depleted (see WARNINGS, Hypotension ─ Volume-Depleted Patients and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Hepatic Insufficiency : Following oral administration in patients with mild to moderate alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, plasma concentrations of Losartan and its active metabolite were, respectively, 5-times and about 1.7-times those in young male volunteers. Compared to normal subjects the total plasma clearance of Losartan in patients with hepatic insufficiency was about 50% lower and the oral bioavailability was about 2-times higher. A lower starting dose is recommended for patients with a history of hepatic impairment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Losartan, administered for 12 days, did not affect the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin. Losartan did not affect the pharmacokinetics of oral or intravenous digoxin. There is no pharmacokinetic interaction between Losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Coadministration of Losartan and cimetidine led to an increase of about 18% in AUC of Losartan but did not affect the pharmacokinetics of its active metabolite. Coadministration of Losartan and phenobarbital led to a reduction of about 20% in the AUC of Losartan and that of its active metabolite. A somewhat greater interaction (approximately 40% reduction in the AUC of active metabolite and approximately 30% reduction in the AUC of Losartan) has been reported with rifampin. Fluconazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9, decreased the AUC of the active metabolite by approximately 40%, but increased the AUC of Losartan by approximately 70% following multiple doses. Conversion of Losartan to its active metabolite after intravenous administration is not affected by ketoconazole, an inhibitor of P450 3A4. The AUC of active metabolite following oral Losartan was not affected by erythromycin, another inhibitor of P450 3A4, but the AUC of Losartan was increased by 30%.
Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Effects
Adult Hypertension
Losartan inhibits the pressor effect of angiotensin II (as well as angiotensin I) infusions. A dose of 100 mg inhibits the pressor effect by about 85% at peak with 25-40% inhibition persisting for 24 hours. Removal of the negative feedback of angiotensin II causes a 2- to 3-fold rise in plasma renin activity and consequent rise in angiotensin II plasma concentration in hypertensive patients. Losartan does not affect the response to bradykinin, whereas ACE inhibitors increase the response to bradykinin. Aldosterone plasma concentrations fall following Losartan administration. In spite of the effect of Losartan on aldosterone secretion, very little effect on serum potassium was observed.
In a single-dose study in normal volunteers, Losartan had no effects on glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow or filtration fraction. In multiple-dose studies in hypertensive patients, there were no notable effects on systemic or renal prostaglandin concentrations, fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol or fasting glucose concentrations. There was a small uricosuric effect leading to a minimal decrease in serum uric acid (mean decrease <0.4 mg/dL) during chronic oral administration.
The antihypertensive effects of Losartan potassium tablets were demonstrated principally in 4 placebo-controlled, 6- to 12-week trials of dosages from 10 to 150 mg per day in patients with baseline diastolic blood pressures of 95-115. The studies allowed comparisons of two doses (50-100 mg/day) as once-daily or twice-daily regimens, comparisons of peak and trough effects, and comparisons of response by gender, age, and race. Three additional studies examined the antihypertensive effects of Losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in combination.
The 4 studies of Losartan monotherapy included a total of 1075 patients randomized to several doses of Losartan and 334 to placebo. The 10- and 25-mg doses produced some effect at peak (6 hours after dosing) but small and inconsistent trough (24 hour) responses. Doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg once daily gave statistically significant systolic/diastolic mean decreases in blood pressure, compared to placebo in the range of 5.5-10.5/3.5-7.5 mmHg, with the 150-mg dose giving no greater effect than 50-100 mg. Twice-daily dosing at 50-100 mg/day gave consistently larger trough responses than once-daily dosing at the same total dose. Peak (6 hour) effects were uniformly, but moderately, larger than trough effects, with the trough-to-peak ratio for systolic and diastolic responses 50-95% and 60-90%, respectively.
Addition of a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) to Losartan 50 mg once daily resulted in placebo-adjusted blood pressure reductions of 15.5/9.2 mmHg.
Analysis of age, gender, and race subgroups of patients showed that men and women, and patients over and under 65, had generally similar responses. Losartan potassium tablets were effective in reducing blood pressure regardless of race, although the effect was somewhat less in Black patients (usually a low-renin population).
The effect of Losartan is substantially present within one week but in some studies the maximal effect occurred in 3-6 weeks. In long-term follow-up studies (without placebo control) the effect of Losartan appeared to be maintained for up to a year. There is no apparent rebound effect after abrupt withdrawal of Losartan. There was essentially no change in average heart rate in Losartan-treated patients in controlled trials.
Pediatric Hypertension
The antihypertensive effect of Losartan was studied in one trial enrolling 177 hypertensive pediatric patients aged 6 to 16 years old. Children who weighed <50 kg received 2.5, 25 or 50 mg of Losartan daily and patients who weighed ≥50 kg received 5, 50 or 100 mg of Losartan daily. Children in the lowest dose group were given Losartan in a suspension formulation (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Preparation of Suspension). The majority of the children had hypertension associated with renal and urogenital disease. The sitting diastolic blood pressure (SiDBP) on entry into the study was higher than the 95th percentile level for the patient’s age, gender, and height. At the end of three weeks, Losartan reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, measured at trough, in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the two higher doses (25 to 50 mg in patients <50 kg; 50 to 100 mg in patients ≥50 kg) reduced diastolic blood pressure by 5 to 6 mmHg more than the lowest dose used (2.5 mg in patients <50 kg; 5 mg in patients ≥50 kg). The lowest dose, corresponding to an average daily dose of 0.07 mg/kg, did not appear to offer consistent antihypertensive efficacy. When patients were randomized to continue Losartan at the two higher doses or to placebo after 3 weeks of therapy, trough diastolic blood pressure rose in patients on placebo between 5 and 7 mmHg more than patients randomized to continuing Losartan. When the low dose of Losartan was randomly withdrawn, the rise in trough diastolic blood pressure was the same in patients receiving placebo and in those continuing Losartan, again suggesting that the lowest dose did not have significant antihypertensive efficacy. Overall, no significant differences in the overall antihypertensive effect of Losartan were detected when the patients were analyzed according to age (<, ≥12 years old) or gender. While blood pressure was reduced in all racial subgroups examined, too few non-White patients were enrolled to compare the dose-response of Losartan in the non-White subgroup.
Reduction in the Risk of Stroke : The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study was a multinational, double-blind study comparing Losartan potassium tablets and atenolol in 9193 hypertensive patients with ECG-documented left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with myocardial infarction or stroke within six months prior to randomization were excluded. Patients were randomized to receive once daily Losartan potassium tablets 50 mg or atenolol 50 mg. If goal blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) was not reached, hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) was added first and, if needed, the dose of Losartan potassium tablets or atenolol was then increased to 100 mg once daily. If necessary, other antihypertensive treatments (e.g., increase in dose of hydrochlorothiazide therapy to 25 mg or addition of other diuretic therapy, calcium-channel blockers, alpha-blockers, or centrally acting agents, but not ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists, or beta-blockers) were added to the treatment regimen to reach the goal blood pressure.
Of the randomized patients, 4963 (54%) were female and 533 (6%) were Black. The mean age was 67 with 5704 (62%) age ≥65. At baseline, 1195 (13%) had diabetes, 1326 (14%) had isolated systolic hypertension, 1469 (16%) had coronary heart disease, and 728 (8%) had cerebrovascular disease. Baseline mean blood pressure was 174/98 mmHg in both treatment groups. The mean length of follow-up was 4.8 years. At the end of study or at the last visit before a primary endpoint, 77% of the group treated with Losartan potassium tablets and 73% of the group treated with atenolol were still taking study medication. Of the patients still taking study medication, the mean doses of Losartan potassium tablets and atenolol were both about 80 mg/day, and 15% were taking atenolol or Losartan as monotherapy, while 77% were also receiving hydrochlorothiazide (at a mean dose of 20 mg/day in each group). Blood pressure reduction measured at trough was similar for both treatment groups but blood pressure was not measured at any other time of the day. At the end of study or at the last visit before a primary endpoint, the mean blood pressures were 144.1/81.3 mmHg for the group treated with Losartan potassium tablets and 145.4/80.9 mmHg for the group treated with atenolol [the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 1.3 mmHg was significant (p<0.001), while the difference of 0.4 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was not significant (p=0.098)].
The primary endpoint was the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Patients with non-fatal events remained in the trial, so that there was also an examination of the first event of each type even if it was not the first event (e.g., a stroke following an initial myocardial infarction would be counted in the analysis of stroke). Treatment with Losartan potassium tablets resulted in a 13% reduction (p=0.021) in risk of the primary endpoint compared to the atenolol group (see Figure 1 and Table 2); this difference was primarily the result of an effect on fatal and nonfatal stroke. Treatment with Losartan potassium tablets reduced the risk of stroke by 25% relative to atenolol (p=0.001) (see Figure 2 and Table 2).
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the primary endpoint of time to cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction in the groups treated with Losartan potassium tablets and atenolol. The Risk Reduction is adjusted for baseline Framingham risk score and level of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy.
Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the time to fatal/nonfatal stroke in the groups treated with Losartan potassium tablets and atenolol. The Risk Reduction is adjusted for baseline Framingham risk score and level of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy.
Table 2 shows the results for the primary composite endpoint and the individual endpoints. The primary endpoint was the first occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death, analyzed using an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. The table shows the number of events for each component in two different ways. The Components of Primary Endpoint (as a first event) counts only the events that define the primary endpoint, while the Secondary Endpoints count all first events of a particular type, whether or not they were preceded by a different type of event.
Table 2 Incidence of Primary Endpoint Events
* Rate per 1000 patient-years of follow-up †Adjusted for baseline Framingham risk score and level of electrocardiogram left ventricular hypertrophy ‡ First report of an event, in some cases the patient died subsequently to the event reported § Death due to heart failure, non-coronary vascular disease, pulmonary embolism, or a cardiovascular cause other than stroke or coronary heart disease | |||||||
| Losartan Potassium Tablets | Atenolol | Risk Reduction† | 95 % CI | p-Value | |||
| N (%) | Rate* | N (%) | Rate* | ||||
| Primary Composite Endpoint | 508 (11) | 23.8 | 588 (13) | 27.9 | 13% | 2% to 23% | 0.021 |
| Components of Primary Composite Endpoint (as a first event) | |||||||
| Stroke (nonfatal‡) | 209 (5) | 286 (6) | |||||
| Myocardial infarction (nonfatal‡) | 174 (4) | 168 (4) | |||||
| Cardiovascular mortality | 125 (3) | 134 (3) | |||||
| Secondary Endpoints (any time in study) | |||||||
| Stroke (fatal/nonfatal) | 232 (5) | 10.8 | 309 (7) | 14.5 | 25% | 11% to 37% | 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction (fatal/nonfatal) | 198 (4) | 9.2 | 188 (4) | 8.7 | -7% | -13% to 12% | 0.491 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 204 (4) | 9.2 | 234 (5) | 10.6 | 11% | -7% to 27% | 0.206 |
| Due to CHD | 125 (3) | 5.6 | 124(3) | 5.6 | -3% | -32% to 20% | 0.839 |
| Due to Stroke | 40 (1) | 1.8 | 62 (1) | 2.8 | 35% | 4% to 67% | 0.032 |
| Other § | 39 (1) | 1.8 | 48 (1) | 2.2 | 16% | -28% to 45% | 0.411 |
Although the LIFE study favored Losartan potassium tablets over atenolol with respect to the primary endpoint (p=0.021), this result is from a single study and, therefore, is less compelling than the difference between Losartan potassium tablets and placebo. Although not measured directly, the difference between Losartan potassium tablets and placebo is compelling because there is evidence that atenolol is itself effective (vs. placebo) in reducing cardiovascular events, including stroke, in hypertensive patients.
Other clinical endpoints of the LIFE study were: total mortality, hospitalization for heart failure or angina pectoris, coronary or peripheral revascularization procedures, and resuscitated cardiac arrest. There were no significant differences in the rates of these endpoints between the Losartan potassium tablets and atenolol groups.
For the primary endpoint and stroke, the effects of Losartan potassium tablets in patient subgroups defined by age, gender, race and presence or absence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), diabetes, and history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are shown in Figure 3 below. Subgroup analyses can be difficult to interpret and it is not known whether these represent true differences or chance effects.
Symbols are proportional to sample size.
#Other includes Asian, Hispanic, Asiatic, Multi-race, Indian, Native American, European.
†Adjusted for baseline Framingham risk score and level of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertophy.
Race: In the LIFE study, Black patients treated with atenolol were at lower risk of experiencing the primary composite endpoint compared with Black patients treated with Losartan potassium tablets. In the subgroup of Black patients (n=533; 6% of the LIFE study patients), there were 29 primary endpoints among 263 patients on atenolol (11%, 26 per 1000 patient-years) and 46 primary endpoints among 270 patients (17%, 42 per 1000 patient-years) on Losartan potassium tablets. This finding could not be explained on the basis of differences in the populations other than race or on any imbalances between treatment groups. In addition, blood pressure reductions in both treatment groups were consistent between Black and non-Black patients. Given the difficulty in interpreting subset differences in large trials, it cannot be known whether the observed difference is the result of chance. However, the LIFE study provides no evidence that the benefits of Losartan potassium tablets on reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy apply to Black patients.
Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: The Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study conducted worldwide in 1513 patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy (defined as serum creatinine 1.3 to 3.0 mg/dl in females or males ≤60 kg and 1.5 to 3.0 mg/dl in males >60 kg and proteinuria [urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g]).
Patients were randomized to receive Losartan potassium tablets 50 mg once daily or placebo on a background of conventional antihypertensive therapy excluding ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists. After one month, investigators were instructed to titrate study drug to 100 mg once daily if the trough blood pressure goal (140/90 mmHg) was not achieved. Overall, 72% of patients received the 100-mg daily dose more than 50% of the time they were on study drug. Because the study was designed to achieve equal blood pressure control in both groups, other antihypertensive agents (diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, alpha- or beta-blockers, and centrally acting agents) could be added as needed in both groups. Patients were followed for a mean duration of 3.4 years.
The study population was diverse with regard to race (Asian 16.7%, Black 15.2%, Hispanic 18.3%, White 48.6%). Overall, 63.2% of the patients were men, and 66.4% were under the age of 65 years. Almost all of the patients (96.6%) had a history of hypertension, and the patients entered the trial with a mean serum creatinine of 1.9 mg/dl and mean proteinuria (urinary albumin/creatinine) of 1808 mg/g at baseline.
The primary endpoint of the study was the time to first occurrence of any one of the following events: doubling of serum creatinine, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (need for dialysis or transplantation), or death. Treatment with Losartan potassium tablets resulted in a 16% risk reduction in this endpoint (see Figure 4 and Table 3). Treatment with Losartan potassium tablets also reduced the occurrence of sustained doubling of serum creatinine by 25% and ESRD by 29% as separate endpoints, but had no effect on overall mortality (see Table 3).
The mean baseline blood pressures were 152/82 mmHg for Losartan potassium tablets plus conventional antihypertensive therapy and 153/82 mmHg for placebo plus conventional antihypertensive therapy. At the end of the study, the mean blood pressures were 143/76 mmHg for the group treated with Losartan potassium tablets and 146/77 mmHg for the group treated with placebo.
Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier curve for the primary composite endpoint of doubling of serum creatinine, end stage renal disease (need for dialysis or transplantation) or death.
| Incidence | Risk Reduction | 95 % C.l. | p-Value | ||
| Losartan | Placebo | ||||
| Primary Composite Endpoint | 43.5% | 47.1% | 16.1% | 2.3% to 27.9% | 0.022 |
| Doubling of Serum Creatinine, ESRD and Death Occurring as a First Event | |||||
| Doubling of Serum Creatinine | 21.6% | 26.0% | |||
| ESRD | 8.5% | 8.5% | |||
| Death | 13.4% | 12.6% | |||
| Overall Incidence of Doubling of Serum Creatinine, ESRD and Death | |||||
| Doubling of Serum Creatinine | 21.6% | 26.0% | 25.3% | 7.8% to 39.4% | 0.006 |
| ESRD | 19.6% | 25.5% | 28.6% | 11.5% to 42.4% | 0.002 |
| Death | 21.0% | 20.3% | -1.7% | -26.9% to 18.6% | 0.884 |
The secondary endpoints of the study were change in proteinuria, change in the rate of progression of renal disease, and the composite of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes (hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, or cardiovascular death). Compared with placebo, Losartan potassium tablets significantly reduced proteinuria by an average of 34%, an effect that was evident within 3 months of starting therapy, and significantly reduced the rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate during the study by 13%, as measured by the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration. There was no significant difference in the incidence of the composite endpoint of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
The favorable effects of Losartan potassium tablets were seen in patients also taking other anti-hypertensive medications (angiotensin II receptor antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were not allowed), oral hypoglycemic agents and lipid-lowering agents.
For the primary endpoint and ESRD, the effects of Losartan potassium tablets in patient subgroups defined by age, gender and race are shown in Table 4 below. Subgroup analyses can be difficult to interpret and it is not known whether these represent true differences or chance effects.
| Primary Composite Endpoint | ESRD | ||||||
| No. of Patients | Losartan Potassium Tablets Event Rate % | Placebo Event Rate % | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Losartan Potassium Tablets Event Rate % | Placebo Event Rate % | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Overall Results | 1513 | 43.5 | 47.1 | 0.839 (0.721, 0.977) | 19.6 | 25.5 | 0.714 (0.576, 0.885) |
| Age | |||||||
| <65 years | 1005 | 44.1 | 49.0 | 0.784 (0.653, 0.941) | 21.1 | 28.5 | 0.670 (0.521, 0.863) |
| ≥65 years | 508 | 42.3 | 43.5 | 0.978 (0.749, 1.277) | 16.5 | 19.6 | 0.847 (0.560, 1.281) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 557 | 47.8 | 54.1 | 0.762 (0.603, 0.962) | 22.8 | 32.8 | 0.601 (0.436, 0.828) |
| Male | 956 | 40.9 | 43.3 | 0.892 (0.733, 1.085) | 17.5 | 21.5 | 0.809 (0.605, 1.081) |
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